English for early childhood carers and educators

In the early 1980s, a Harvard University biologist named Edward O. Wilson proposed a theory called biophilia: that humans are instinctively drawn towards their natural surroundings. Many 21st century parents, however, would question this theory, as they watch their kids express a clear preference for sitting on a couch in front of a screen over playing outside.
The national panic about kids spending too much time indoors has become so extreme that the crisis has a name: ‘nature deficit disorder’. While calling it a disorder might be merely rhetorical, it’s clear kids spend significantly more time inside than outside. This shift is largely due to technology: the average American child is said to spend 4 to 7 minutes a day in unstructured play outdoors, and over 7 hours a day in front of a screen.
Increasing parental fears about diseases and dangers of playing outside (despite evidence to the contrary) are another big factor. And as suburbs and exurbs continue to expand, nature is parcelled off more, and kids seem less inclined to spend time in a fenced-in yard, let alone jump the fence into a neighbor’s or walk in the woods. Instead, indoor activities can seem easier (no sunscreen necessary!), safer, and even more sociable for kids who are growing up with multiplayer video games and social media accounts.
Recent studies have exposed the benefit (even necessity) of spending time outdoors, both for kids and adults. Some argue that it can be any outdoor environment. Some claim it has to be a ‘green’ environment, one with trees and leaves. Others still have shown that just a picture of greenery can benefit mental health. These nuances aside, most of the studies agree that kids who play outside are smarter, happier, more attentive, and less anxious than kids who spend more time indoors. 
While it’s unclear how exactly the cognitive functioning and mood improvements occur, there are a few things we do know about why nature is good for kids’ minds: it builds confidence, it promotes creativity and imagination, it teaches responsibility, it provides different stimulation, it gets kids moving, it makes them think, and it reduces stress and fatigue.
So while screen time is the easier, more popular choice, it’s important to set aside time for outdoor play.

Adapted from: Why kids need to spend time in Nature, Danielle Cohen, Child Mind Institute. (https://childmind.org/article/why-kids-need-to-spend-time-in-nature/

Activity 1: Explain using your own words the following concepts:
* biophilia: 
* nature deficit disorder: 
* green environment: 
* mental health: 

Activity 2: Which is the appeal of indoor activities for children nowadays?

Activity 3: Write four arguments to convince parents that their children need to spend time in nature.